The Effects Of Hepatitis C Virus On Health Care And...

Medical insurers exist in the uncomfortable realm of providing support for health care and ensuring healthy profit margins. The payor system has evolved to dictate the care its members receive through, at worst, a rationing of services. This has frequently been the case when new medication and experimental treatments become available. The most recent instance is the case of newly released drugs with astounding success rates for the cure of Hepatitis C Virus. The rulings of past civil cases requiring insurers to cover medical treatment despite contract clauses has set the stage for Hepatitis C Virus curative treatment. Hepatitis C Virus and Treatment Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was officially discovered in 1989 at the National Institutes of†¦show more content†¦Initial curative treatment in the early 1990’s used interferon and the antiviral ribavirin with a cure rate of 50% (Watson, n.d., p. 1). 2011 saw the invention of two antiviral medications, telaprivir and boceprevir, that increased cure rates to 70%. In 2013 newer drugs, simeprevir and sofosbuvir, were introduced with the later creating 90% cure rates in patients (Watson, n.d., p.gs. 1-2). Simeprevir (Sovaldi) was created for administration once per day over a minimum of a year (Gilead, 2014). Eradication of the disease in patients is effective in patients co-infected with HIV with low rates of side effects (Sulkowski, et al., 2014), highlighting its efficacy in complex patient populations. The cost of such treatment is $1,000 per day with an average cost for curative course exceeding $94,000 (Venteicher, 2014). The medication is FDA approved and prescribed re adily, but patients are not receiving access to the medication through their insurers. Current Issues of Access Patients with HCV treatment including Sovaldi are experiencing life changing medical prognosis in a disease that had low cure rates. Physicians are prescribing the medication appropriately to patients but there exists a disconnect between the number of patients accessing the drug and the number it is medically indicated for (Venteicher, 2014). Insurers and Managed Care Organizations (MCO’s) administering Medicaid contracts for multiple states across the United States are denying access to the

Obesity A Cultural And Behavioral Change Among Americans

Many individuals are unaware that 35.7 percent of adults are considered obese in America. Obesity is an important topic in my family because my great grandmother died from type 2 diabetes caused by her obesity. Many Americans today are unaware of their addiction to fast food and the health risks connected to obesity. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change among Americans, obesity will continue to spread, and health problems will keep skyrocketing. The food accepted in the American culture is another factor contributing to the nation’s obese population. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a study conducted by the Centers of Disease Control since 1980, one third of America’s adult population has become overweight. America is known as one of the richest nations, and our culture’s acceptance of obesity is known in other countries (Klein 36). Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in children since the year 1980. In American culture, food is a reward, a way to celebrate, and even a comfort. For instance a well-known holiday in the American culture is Halloween. This holiday includes dressing up and collecting candy, we’ve promoted bad eating habits from a young age. Most Americans do not look at these eating habits as a problem because Americans have grown accustomed to this as being part of today’s culture. The United States is well known for the amount of fast food chains we have, such as McDonalds andShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Cultural And Behavioral Change Among Americans966 Words   |  4 PagesObesity can be defined as someone who has excess body weight than what is considered healthy. Many individuals are unaware that more than third or 35.7 percent of adults are considered obese in America. Obesity is an important topic to my family because my great grandmother died from type 2 diabetes caused by her obesity. Many Americans today are unaware to their addiction to fast food and the health risks connected to obesity. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change among Americans, obesityRead MoreFactors That Influence Obesity Rates Among Children Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will describe the factors that influence obesity rates among children. It will review relevant literature concerning the bio-psychosocial facts and etiology involved in childhood obesity. This paper will discuss why this is a problem not only for the client system, but also a significant social problem. Multiple systems will be explored to support the continuation of the problem on a micro, mezzo and macro level. Some specific policies that exacerbate the problem will be looked at alongRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity And Obesity Among Adults Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagessubject of this paper is overweight and obesity among adults in the U.S. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of scale of the problem of overweight and obesity. A literature review on the topic was conducted with the goal of identifying factors that have proven to be successful in weight loss programs. Then the Health Belief Model will be described and applied to a proposed weight loss intervention. 1. Overview of Obesity Overweight and obesity is an urgent and universal problem.Read MoreObesity And The World Health Organization1701 Words   |  7 Pagesliving continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definiteRead MoreWe Must Fight Obesity Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesObesity results from excessive calorie intake that the body doesn’t need. Genetic, Environmental and behavioral factors have been linked to the onset of obesity. Moreover, the high body fat to lean body mass ratio makes obesity a major contributor to chronic illnesses. Obes ity is caused by many factors, two of which are a sedentary lifestyle and poor diet. Obesity is on the rise and is reaching epidemic proportion. About 70 million Americans are obese-more than 1 in 3 of all adults and 1 in 5 childrenRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MorePsychological Treatment : Legal And Ethical Issues1225 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Treatment; Legal and Ethical Issues 1. In actual practice, behavior and cognitive behavior therapists employ a broad-spectrum behavioral treatment and multimodal therapy. Explain. Before understanding why behavior and cognitive behavior therapists utilize these techniques, it is important to understand what they are. Broad-spectrum behavioral treatment implies the eclectic use of psychological techniques to help treat an individual. This can include everything from desensitizationRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic : Obesity Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe obesity epidemic proves to be an issue in America and continues to grow with time. In simple terms, obesity is a disorder where the subject has increasing amounts of fat, leading to health problems in the future. This epidemic has steadily increased in American bodies for decades and researchers have tried to find the root causes of this problem. Though there is controversy as to what is the primary cause of this rising epidemic, it is clear that there are many factors that contribute to theRead MoreObesity As An Extreme Excess Of Body Fat1690 Words   |  7 Pagessimply, obesity can be defined as an extreme excess of body fat. Simple, health-oriented definitions of obesity should be based on the amount of excess body fat at which health risks to individuals begin to increase. Since no such definitions currently exist, measurements of height and weight help to assess the overall health and nutritional status of adults. Obesity and healthy weight can be defined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated as weight and height squared. Obesity is caused Obesity A Cultural And Behavioral Change Among Americans Obesity can be defined as someone who has excess body weight than what is considered healthy. Many individuals are unaware that more than third or 35.7 percent of adults are considered obese in America. Obesity is an important topic to my family because my great grandmother died from type 2 diabetes caused by her obesity. Many Americans today are unaware to their addiction to fast food and the health risks connected to obesity. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change among Americans, obesity will continue to spread, and health problems will keep sky rocketing, but obesity can be prevented. The food accepted in the American culture is another factor contributing to the nation’s obese population. Culture can be defined as shared patterns of behavior that guide decisions of a particular group. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a study conducted by the Centers of Disease Control since 1980, one third of America’s adult population has become overweight. America is known as one of the richest nations, and our cultures acceptance of obesity is known in other countries (Klein 28). Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in children since the year 1980. In the American culture we use food as a reward, a way to celebrate and some people also use food to comfort themselves. For instance a well-known holiday in our culture is Halloween. This holiday includes dressing up and collecting candy, we’ve promoted badShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Cultural And Behavioral Change Among Americans930 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of adults are considered obese in America. Obesity is an important topic in my family because my great grandmother died from type 2 diabetes caused by her obesity. Many Americans today are unaware of their addiction to fast food and the health risks connected to obesity. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change among Americans, obesity will continue to spread, and health problems will keep skyrocketing. The food accepted in the American culture is another factor contributing to the nation’sRead MoreFactors That Influence Obesity Rates Among Children Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will describe the factors that influence obesity rates among children. It will review relevant literature concerning the bio-psychosocial facts and etiology involved in childhood obesity. This paper will discuss why this is a problem not only for the client system, but also a significant social problem. Multiple systems will be explored to support the continuation of the problem on a micro, mezzo and macro level. Some specific policies that exacerbate the problem will be looked at alongRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 surve y conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity And Obesity Among Adults Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagessubject of this paper is overweight and obesity among adults in the U.S. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of scale of the problem of overweight and obesity. A literature review on the topic was conducted with the goal of identifying factors that have proven to be successful in weight loss programs. Then the Health Belief Model will be described and applied to a proposed weight loss intervention. 1. Overview of Obesity Overweight and obesity is an urgent and universal problem.Read MoreObesity And The World Health Organization1701 Words   |  7 Pagesliving continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definiteRead MoreWe Must Fight Obesity Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesObesity results from excessive calorie intake that the body doesn’t need. Genetic, Environmental and behavioral factors have been linked to the onset of obesity. Moreover, the high body fat to lean body mass ratio makes obesity a major contributor to chronic illnesses. Obes ity is caused by many factors, two of which are a sedentary lifestyle and poor diet. Obesity is on the rise and is reaching epidemic proportion. About 70 million Americans are obese-more than 1 in 3 of all adults and 1 in 5 childrenRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MorePsychological Treatment : Legal And Ethical Issues1225 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Treatment; Legal and Ethical Issues 1. In actual practice, behavior and cognitive behavior therapists employ a broad-spectrum behavioral treatment and multimodal therapy. Explain. Before understanding why behavior and cognitive behavior therapists utilize these techniques, it is important to understand what they are. Broad-spectrum behavioral treatment implies the eclectic use of psychological techniques to help treat an individual. This can include everything from desensitizationRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic : Obesity Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe obesity epidemic proves to be an issue in America and continues to grow with time. In simple terms, obesity is a disorder where the subject has increasing amounts of fat, leading to health problems in the future. This epidemic has steadily increased in American bodies for decades and researchers have tried to find the root causes of this problem. Though there is controversy as to what is the primary cause of this rising epidemic, it is clear that there are many factors that contribute to theRead MoreObesity As An Extreme Excess Of Body Fat1690 Words   |  7 Pagessimply, obesity can be defined as an extreme excess of body fat. Simple, health-oriented definitions of obesity should be based on the amount of excess body fat at which health risks to individuals begin to increase. Since no such definitions currently exist, measurements of height and weight help to assess the overall health and nutritional status of adults. Obesity and healthy weight can be defined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated as weight and height squared. Obesity is caused

Blended Families Research Paper - 1454 Words

Blended Families Did you know that one third of all children in the United States (US) are expected to live in a stepfamily before they reach the age of 18[helpguide.org 2008]? While some people consider blended families abnormal, they can be just as good as a â€Å"regular† family. With blended families becoming more common, there are more studies being done to show both the similarities and differences between â€Å"regular† and blended families. Although blended families will probably never be considered â€Å"traditional†, they are becoming more common every year. Some common myths about stepfamilies are that children of divorce are considered damaged. Some children do have problems adjusting to a new family. They may feel resentment for new†¦show more content†¦Communication is something that is very important in creating that unified front. It is important to set aside alone time with both biological and stepchildren. It allows you to have key one-on-one time that will establish a sense of belonging to the child. Another example of this is to have family meetings. This gives everyone an opportunity to express their opinions, vent and encourage them to contribute their input on important family events and day-to-day life. Family meetings will also show the parents working as a team. Communication is a key factor in any family, but much more so in a blended family. Not only do the children need to communicate with their biological parents, they also need to feel comfortable communicating to with their stepparents. Communication between each set of parents is also essential. This leads us into co-parenting. Co-parenting is important because it keeps all the parents on the same page for discipline, activities, grades, and so forth. The rules and regulations that are enforced at one parent’s house need to be implemented at the other’s. If this does not happen, the children will learn how to â€Å"play† one parent off the other. Sometimes a child is more likely to confide in a stepparent because it is not their â€Å"real† mom or dad and they feel more comfortable. It is important that the step parent communicate to their spouseShow MoreRelatedA Family Based On Nuclear Family Patterns1400 Words   |  6 Pages A blended family is when t wo people enter a marriage when they have children from a previous relationship. These families have been termed blended families because the two new spouses and the children are attempting to blend into one family unit. Blended families are commonly known as step families. Some other terms for blended families are reconstituted, restructured, and remarried families. Blended families are starting to become the most common type of family in the United States. It can be hardRead MoreThe Curriculum Design The Landscape Of Education881 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent classes for 45 to 60 minutes. This adherence to the old form of schooling is neither effective nor necessary. The use of a blended classroom, where students receive lectures and reading outside of class, and teacher instruction on project and classwork with the instructor a few times a week. Professor Slomanson(2014) shows that the utilization of a blended or flipped classroom yields 35% higher test scores on high stakes te st and major project as opposed to the traditional, face-to-faceRead MoreWho I Can t Love My Step Family1535 Words   |  7 PagesWho said I can t love my step-family? Society has given blended families or (step-family) a negative connotation, they do not believe step-parents and children can have quality relationships. Relationships are important within the family and play a pivotal role in helping children grow physically, mentally, and cognitively, which is crucial for development (Kostelnik, Whiren, Soderman, Gregory, 2009, p.184). Urie Bronfenbrenner states, a family consists of systems that interacts with one anotherRead MoreA Research On The Family And A Good Support System911 Words   |  4 Pages1. Research on the Problem Given the topic of stepfamilies, we found a lot of information supporting stepfamilies, but really no solution. There is not a specific solution but there are ways that families can strengthen their newly formed stepfamily. From this course, we developed a getaway camp for stepfamilies and blended families. Previous research says that good communication between the family and a good support system are keys to success in a step- family, this was a proven successful wayRead MoreEce Governance Of The Early Childhood Education Governance865 Words   |  4 Pagesforward to a great future with different policies for child care and education. It is usually that the governance work with every decision about the people rights. Since the governance has been work toward the help people to live better. In the paper I will briefly summarize and give examples of the three phrases of ECE governance, evaluate the three versions of administrative integrations from the perspective of my own philos ophy of education believed from moving toward shared responsibility andRead MoreRelationship Between Love And Romantic Relationships Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagestrust, and communication are the three most important attributes in my eyes. Relationships between friends, family, and couples should be the lasting ones, and in this paper, I will Incorporate different theoretical perspectives , Discuss the role of social structure, government policy, and social inequality in love and romantic relationships and lastly analyze media presentations of families. First, no matter what type of relationship you are in, love is definitely an essential. There are many kindsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Traditional Family1569 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Study.com, a traditional family is a family structure that consists of a man, woman, and one or more of their biological or adopted children. Most men and women have goals of falling in love, getting married and raising children together. The U.S Census Bureau conducted research in 2010 and discovered that there are only 20% of traditional families in the US. Most families share common beliefs, rites, and religions. Generally, these families have the same typical daily schedule; theRead MoreAlternatives Of Alternative Fuels For Gasoline1742 Words   |  7 Pagesvaluable in the progress of this topic. First, the paper will seek to know the top three fuel alternatives are. Secondly, the paper will show if ethanol is good and efficient alternative fuel. The paper will also show i f electric vehicles are really zero-emission or not. Definition of terms Substitute energy: energies resulting from bases other than petroleum bases. Petrol energy: energies resulting from vestige bases. Procedures In this paper, online sources were helpful in availing the requiredRead MoreIssues And Trends Of College And Career Readiness2247 Words   |  9 PagesIssues and Trends of College and Career Readiness And Online and Blended Learning Introduction The purpose of this paper is to inform the audience of two current trends that are affecting administrators, educators, and students within adult and career education. The topics that will be discussed throughout this paper are career and college readiness and online and blended learning. Both of these topics are very influential within our education today. The majority of our high school students areRead MoreBirth Order And Its Impact On Society1344 Words   |  6 Pagesis it that birth order can even have an impact? Theorist has looked at the various studies regarding birth order most of which have used the example of the Adlerian concept of birth order to suggest intelligence and personality type the following paper will work to better understand if birth order makes a significant difference in the outcome of an individual’s life. Leman believes the key to sibling personality discrepancies lies in birth order and how the parents treat their children due to it

Affirmitive Action Essay - 1106 Words

Affirmative Action is the name given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. The principal goal of Affirmative Action is to create more diversity and equal opportunities in jobs or schools that used to be all or mostly male, white, or both. Affirmative Action programs have been in place only a little over thirty years. Affirmative action works. There are thousands of examples of situations where people of color, and white women who were previously excluded from jobs or educational opportunities, or were denied opportunities once admitted, have gained access through affirmative action. When these policies received executive branch and†¦show more content†¦Another growing concern is white male candidates are being discriminated against, or losing out because of affirmative action programs. If we were to look at the breakdown of various white collar professions or if we look at the overall average income levels of white men we should immediately notice that people of color are still significantly under represented and underpaid in every category. People of color dont make up the proportions of these jobs even remotely equal to their percentage of the population. They dont earn wages comparable to white men. White men are tremendously over represented in almost any category of work that is highly rewarded except for professional athletics. According to a 1995 government report, white males make up only 29 percent of the workforce, but hold 95 percent of senior management positions (Sklar 115). Until there is both equal opportunity and fair distribution of education, training and advancement to all Americans, affirmative action for people of color is necessary to counter the hundreds of years of affirmative action that have been directed at white males. Affirmative action is not a cure all. It will not eliminate racial discrimination, nor will it eliminate competition for scarce resources. Affirmative action programs can onlyShow MoreRelatedWhat is Affirmitive Action?934 Words   |  4 Pages Affirmative action or sometimes known as positive discrimination have been an issue that has going on around the world. Even though the policies vary from country to country, with some having quotas and others offering preferences in the selection process, the idea of providing special opportunities to a disadvantaged group remains universal. Our group choose this topic as we all have a personal interest in affirmative action and have had some form of affiliation with it in our lives. It can beenRead More Affirmitive Action Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issues an Executive Order 11246 requiring federal contractors to â€Å"take affirmative action† to ensure that they do not engage in discriminatory practices against workers because of race creed, color, or national origin. Two years later gender was added to the list. Affirmative action is the practice, usually by institutions or employment in government and busin ess, of giving preference to racial minorities and women. The politics wereRead MoreWhy We Still Need Affirmitive Action1493 Words   |  6 PagesWhy we still need affirmative action Because of the complex nature of the discussion on affirmative action and the controversies and the emotion surrounding it, it is imperative to first recap on the causes of race and inequality in the United States of America. The policies on affirmative action were proposed as a fractional remedy for the socio-economic impacts of past and present disadvantage faced by certain groups in the population, especially with regard to biases on gender and race. Such disadvantagesRead MoreThe Battle Over Affirmitive Action in the College World927 Words   |  4 PagesFor many the subject of affirmative action is worth protesting over, however, there are a few who would love to see the existence of affirmitive action abolished. Affirmative action has always been a long debated topic with two different communites arguing very different view points. Although affirmitive action can cause friction among many different opionated people, on the other hand, the results of the practice has ensured t he college educations for many of minorities in America. Should thisRead More Affirmitive Action In The College Admissions Process Essay2765 Words   |  12 Pagescolor of their skin, even in our own country. How can this be in a country that claims that all men are created equal? Racism is so much a part of American culture now that we have claims of reverse racism and programs implemented, such as affirmative action, not just to protect the rights of a different person but to further them along in life and to make things easier for them. When this country was founded, it was believed that people that were born with a different color skin were inferior to thoseRead MoreEmployment Equity1660 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION 2 WHAT IS EMPLOYMENT EQUITY 3 HOW DOES IT WORK 3 - 4 WHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 5 IMPLEMENATION OF AFFIRMITIVE EMPLOYMENT EQUITY 6 - 7 OBSTACLES CHALLENGES 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 CONCLUSION 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This assignment deals with the Employment Equity Act of 19 October 1998. It covers the workings of the act in terms of equity and affirmative action and how it was implemented in Defy Appliances Ltd in 1999. It also covers some of the obstaclesRead MoreArthur Lang Jewelers, Inc. V. Johnson1315 Words   |  6 Pagescourt granting the motion and dismissing Lang’s action when Harold Lang Jewelers, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Johnson because Johnson allegedly owed $160,322.90 plus interest for jewelry delivered/sold. Johnson claimed, as an affirmitive defense, that Lang could not sue in the state of North Carolina court as Lang had failed to obtain a certificate of authority to transact business in the state. The District court dismissed Lang’s action. Lang appealed. ISSUE: Is business being transactedRead MoreResourceing Talent3347 Words   |  14 Pagesbottom-line results†. (Thomas 2004) †¢ 3.1.2 Need to comply with legislative requirement Many companies are under legiislative mandates to be non discriminatory in their employment practices. Non compliance with Equal Employment opportunity or Affirmitive Action legislation can reslut in finrs and / or loss of contracts with government agencies. †¢ 3.1.3 Enchances additional knowledge, ideas and experience A diverse work force promotes additional knowlwdge, ideas and experience within the organisation

2413007277100 Essay Example For Students

2413007277100 Essay Finally,being nomadic, walking,and hunting on a daily basis impacted our bodies greatly. Hunters-gatherers were generally more physically fit and had better teeth than agricultural people. Byhaving a small percentage of the population farm, the rest of asociety did not have to take on the hard work of farming and we begin to see sharp increase in obesity. Also, since humans were changing to a more carbohydrate, high sugar diet that is associated with farming,we notice that oral hygiene begins to suffer.There are more than 700 different types of bacteria live in the mouth.The bacteria in a human mouth feasts on carbohydrates and sugars andthis bacteriacan cause bleeding gums which gives the bacteriadirect access to the bloodstream.Issues such as heart disease, gum disease, and heart attacks can be directly tied to poor oral hygiene. 00 Finally,being nomadic, walking,and hunting on a daily basis impacted our bodies greatly. Hunters-gatherers were generally more physically fit and had better teeth than agricultural people. Byhaving a small percentage of the population farm, the rest of asociety did not have to take on the hard work of farming and we begin to see sharp increase in obesity. Also, since humans were changing to a more carbohydrate, high sugar diet that is associated with farming,we notice that oral hygiene begins to suffer. There are more than 700 different types of bacteria live in the mouth.The bacteria in a human mouth feasts on carbohydrates and sugars andthis bacteriacan cause bleeding gums which gives the bacteriadirect access to the bloodstream.Issues such as heart disease, gum disease, and heart attacks can be directly tied to poor oral hygiene.1778005867400Disease among people and animals is another concern. When people are living together they share germs. The increased likelihood of illness, as well as the types of sicknesses contracted, become major problems. Some of the diseases people now got from living in a permanent settlement are smallpox, cholera, influenza, and polio. These diseases are truly deadly, and can wipe out a group of people if they do not have a way to treat it or keep it from spreading. 00Disease among people and animals is another concern. When people are living together they share germs. The increased likelihood of illness, as well as the types of sicknesses contracted, become major problems. Some of the diseases people now got from living in a permanent settlement are smallpox, cholera, influenza, and polio. These diseases are truly deadly, and can wipe out a group of people if they do not have a way to treat it or keep it from spreading.2413004432300 Define:Famine00 Define:Famine2413003022600 Define:Drought00 Define:Drought2413001689100When discussing the Neolithic Revolution, we often focus on the benefits of the start of civilization. We do not usually focus on some of the cons that naturally arise along with the benefits. For example,oneproblem with farming is that youare very vulnerable on the weather and environment around you. Droughts, famine, plant disease, and pests are also something new that must be dealt with in these new agricultural societies. 00When discussing the Neolithic Revolution, we often focus on the benefits of the start of civilization. We do not usually focus on some of the cons that naturally arise along with the benefits. For example,oneproblem with farming is that youare very vulnerable on the weather and environment around you. Droughts, famine, plant disease, and pests are also something new that must be dealt with in these new agricultural societies. 65163704826000024130048260000177800647700 ProsandConsof the NeolithicRevolution ProsandConsof the NeolithicRevolution114300165100Name: _______________________________Binder Number: _______00Name: _______________________________Binder Number: _______60071001282700 Neolithic Age00 Neolithic Age15367001206500 Paleolithic Age0 Paleolithic Age51181001892300 8,000 BCE00 8,000 BCE561975015494000058610501282700001778002971800 How did humans get food during the Paleolithic Age? What is the Paleolithic Age also known as?00 How did humans get food during the Paleolithic Age? What is the Paleolithic Age also known as?2413006470650002736850684530000534670065595500056197506038850003810000629920000153670060071000016002004787900 The Neolithic Revolution Cons00 The Neolithic Revolution Cons1778003848100 How did humans get food during the Neolithic Age?00 How did humans get f ood during the Neolithic Age?508001892300 2.6 million years ago 2.6 million years ago43180015494000057150012954001270001092200177800114300 These are just some examples of the cons of the change from the hunter-gatherer society to an agricultural society. .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d , .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .postImageUrl , .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d , .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:hover , .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:visited , .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:active { border:0!important; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:active , .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1221012f1d6c8eaf7df949ccc4a9758d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Some Cat Saved Your Grandma Essay There are of course many more that were not mentioned here. I thought it interesting to emphasize the disadvantages, since we are still struggling with many of them today, gathering in dense populations as we do. Disease and food quality and abundance are still major worries, although we are finding ways to deal with both issues. 00 These are just some examples of the cons of the change from the hunter-gatherer society to an agricultural society. There are of course many more that were not mentioned here. I thought it interesting to emphasize the disadvantages, since we are still struggling with many of them today, gathering in dense populations as we do. Disease and food quality and abundance are still major worries, although we are finding ways to deal with both issues. 61626755016500002571754927600006311900228600002571752286000035179003048000 The Neolithic Revolution Pros0 The Neolithic Revolution Pros2749550294640018923001930400006889750440690000662940019304000020320004445000001905002349500 15,000 years ago, humans lived in what type of society? What was the best hunting gig in the prehistoric world? Whattworeasons made it such a good way of getting food? What are some advantages(3)and disadvantages(2)of agriculture? AdvantagesDisadvantages What is one theory why people may have first started farming?00 15,000 years ago, humans lived in what type of society? What was the best hunting gig in the prehistoric world? Whattwo reasons made it such a good way of getting food? What are some advantages(3)and disadvantages(2)of agriculture? AdvantagesDisadvantages What is one theory why people may have first started farming?-889001384300 Note:The Agricultural Revolution is another name for the Neolithic Revolution00 Note:The Agricultural Revolution is another name for the Neolithic Revolution190500114300 Crash Course-The Agricultural Revolution00 Crash Course-The Agricultural Revolution1905008597900 List 3 more negatives ofagriculture. 00 List 3 more negatives ofagriculture.

Biochemical and Physical Analysis of the CD16 Molecules

Question: Describe about the Summary of complete biochemical and physical analysis of the CD16 molecules ? Answer: Summary: The complete biochemical and physical analysis of the CD16 molecules that are expressed on the surface of the Natural killer cells or NK cells. Description: The CD 16 molecule if a low affinity Fc receptor. It is basically a cluster of differentiation molecule that is present or found on the surface of the natural killer cells, monocyts, macrophages and the neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It can be utilized in isolating the populations of thee cells by using the antibodies that are directed towards the CD16 cells. The methodologies that can be used are fluorescent activated cell sorting or magnetic activated cell sorting (Janeway, C. 2001). CD16 receptors have been identified as the Fc receptors FcRllla (CD16). The function of these receptors is to bind to the Fc region of the IgG antibodies which then cause the activation of the NK cells for the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. If there is lack of CD16 cell receptors in the given population of cells (neutrophills, specifically), it may indicate prematurity which might be caused due to the left shift as a consequence of leukocytosis that may be induced by the tissu e necrosis or the infection mediated by bacteria (Anderson et al. 1990). One type of CD16 is CD16A, which is a transmembrane protein that is known to co localize with CD3 and Fc-RI- on the surface of the NK cells. Upon ligation, the stimulus intiates a series of signals that help in the initiation of production of cytokines. The second type of CD16 is CD16B. This is found on the neutrophills. The two sub types of CD16 molecule can be differentiated on the basis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. Even the extracellular domains of both these molecules are highly homologous. Most of the CD56 bright Nk cells do not show CD16A. But the down regulation of these cells happens after the mitogen stimulation and the coculture of the cells with the malignant targets (Romee et al. 2013). The bodys defense system is governed by the host defense system and lymphocytes are the main type of cells that are involved. Natural Killer (NK) cells are the granular lymphocytes that help in fighting against tumor cells and also against the cells that are infected with virus. The NK cells are also related to the antibody mediated cytotoxicity that is mediated by the CD16 cells. Research has shown that CD16 cells are associated with the dimmers that are linked via dimmers that are composed of 2 homologous sub-units, gamma and zeta. These two subunits are kind of transducing molecules that are strongly associated with numerous other multimeric cell surface receptors like the T cell antigen receptor complex, also known as CD3:TCR complex (Vivier, E, Ackerly, M, Rochet, N and Anderson, P. 1992). The CD16 molecule is the functional receptor structure that is present on the surface of the NK cells and is responsible for mediating antibody- dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). FcRllla mediated activation of the NK cells causes the activation of the cytolytic activity and this further leads to increase in the intracellular concentration of the calcium, rise in the tyrosine phosphorylation of the regulatory proteins and even the secretion of the cytokines like TNF and IFN. After the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue and its activation post stimulation of the NK cells with the anti- CD16 monoclonal antibodies. Treatment with the anti CD16 monoclonal antibodies can initiate apoptosis of the IL-2 activated NK cells. Inspite of the presence of the CD16 cells, th eneutrophills cannot mediate the function of ADCC. Thus, research suggests that on the surface of granulocytes, the molecules of CD16 may act as adhesion structure that binds immune complexes allowinf for subseq uent cellular activation by the other different types of FcR (Knowles, D. 2001). The Fc receptor CD16 is generally located on all the CD56 (dim) peripheral blood NK (natural killer) cells. When it recognizes the antibody coated cells, it transmits a signal to the NK cells and they, in response to the signal, eliminate the target cells through direct killing or via production of cytokine.Researches have been conducted in order to study the change in the expression of CD16. The activation of CD56 along with the cross link of CD16 with the antibodies led to the loss of CD16 and CD62L and this was correlated with the increase in the production of interferon- (Romee et al. 2013). The activated NK cells lose CD16 through a metallo protease known as ADAM17. If ADAM17 is inhibited, this enhances the CD16 mediated NK cell function by preservation of CD16 on the surface of the Natural Killer cells and this as a result leads to enhancement of ADCC (Lanier, L., Ruitenberg, J. and Phillips, J. 1988). References: Anderson, P., Caligiuri, M., Manley, T., Ritz, J. and Schlossman, S., 1990, Fc gamma receptor type III (CD16) is included in the zeta NK receptor complex expressed by human natural killer cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 87(6): 2274-2278. Janeway, C., 2001, Appendix II. CD Antigens, Immunology (5 ed.), Newyork:Garland. Knowles, D., 2001, Neoplastic hematopathology, Lippincott William Wilkins, P-150. Lanier, L., Ruitenberg, J. and Phillips, J., 1988, Functional and biochemical analysis of CD16 antigen on natural killer cells and granulocytes, The Journal of Immunology, 141(10): 3478-3485. Romee R, Foley B, Lenvik T, Wang Y, Zhang B, Ankarlo D, Luo X, Cooley S, Verneris M, Walcheck B, Miller J., 2013, NK cell CD16 surface expression and function is regulated by a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 (ADAM17), Blood, 121 (18):3599-608. Vivier, E, Ackerly, M, Rochet, N and Anderson, P., 1992, Structure and function of CD16: zeta: gamma complex expressed on human natural killer cells, Int J Cancer Suppl., 7: 11-14.