India on the Move Essay Example

India on the Move Essay Why did India experience relatively slow economic growth from independence until 1991? India became an independent country in 1947 and from that moment until the first years of the 1990’s, the government adopted the Import Substitution Industrialization model (ISI) in order to protect the economy against foreign competition. The model was based on regulations in the private and public sector, trade and foreign direct investment that made the economy very closed compared to other economies in the world. The system was not sustainable in the long term because it encouraged inefficiency in the industry performance. For instance, the average GNP per capita at that period of time was as low as $2301. Moreover, India’s growth performance plan has been written in a five year scope in which the actual growth from the periods of 1956-1961, 1961-1966, and 1969-1974 did not surpass the target (see Exhibit 1). The â€Å"Hindu rate of growth† around 3. 5% prevailed in the period of 1950-1980 and then with oriented market reforms the growth rate change to approximately 6-8%2. Why did Rao adopt the post crisis, â€Å"Washington Consensus† strategy? How is it working? The Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, elected in 1991, had to ask for urgent help to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a result of a balance of payment crisis due to high interest rates, inflation driven by the fall of its principal trading partner: the Soviet Union. The IMF authorized the loan under the condition of adopting ten prescribed reforms. These policies were focused to stimulate growth and reach a stable macroeconomic environment; but most important, to minimize the role of the government in economic decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on India on the Move specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on India on the Move specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on India on the Move specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the most important results from these market reforms was the reduction of India’s fiscal deficit from 9. 4% of GDP in 1990-19913 to 6. 5% of GDP in 1998 (Vietor and Thomson, 2008). On the other hand, the average inflation rate dropped from 7. 5% in the 1980’s, to 6. 3% in the 1990s, and from 4. 7% in the period of 1996-1997 to 2002-20034. Foreign Direct Investment is another main variable in the process of adjustment that shows positive highlights, since the opening of capital inflows in 1991, the investment rose from $74 millions to $5,626 millions in 2002, a 75% increase (Vietor and Thomson, 2008). Nevertheless, there are still challenges that must be overcome beyond macroeconomic indicators, for example a reduction of bureaucracy, lower entry barriers, good leadership to eradicate corruption, investment in infrastructure, and most important, the investment on the people through health programs and education especially in the highest illiterate states. How big a deal are Hindu-Muslim frictions? Demographic fragmentation? Deficits The Hindu-Muslim conflict is affecting in many ways to India. First, the friction promotes a bad climate of business to foreign investors. For instance, Thomas Friedman in his book â€Å"The World is Flat† describes how a state of emergency in 2002 worried American companies due to rumors of a nuclear exchange attack against Pakistan. The book also quote N. Krishnakumar, President of MindTree a leading Indian knowledge firm who stated: â€Å"What we explained to our government, through the Confederation of Indian Industry, is that providing a stable, predictable operating environment is now the key to India’s development†. Secondly, the conflict affects the country through a high fiscal deficit. Only in 2002, the military spending rose around 10% of the government expenditures (Vietor and Thomson, 2008). The mayor concern is that inefficient expenditure raises the budget and makes the economy more vulnerable. Lastly, the trade off between allocating money to the military defense is affecting the people urgent needs in social issues. In fact, In 2002 India ranked # 124 in the Human Development Indicator (Vietor and Thompson, 2008). That is the reason why health, education, and literacy have to be priorities to the government in order to maintain a sustainable growth. Is India an attractive site for foreign direct investment? India is an emerging country which is getting worldwide attention for its quickly growing economy. It has been growing in an average of 6%-8% in the last years. Many large companies are taking advantage of the skilled labor force at low cost, the vast number of people who speak English as a heritage from the British colony, as well as the cheaper costs in telecommunication. In fact, India is considered by many as the back-office of world servicesa. There are approximately 40% of the 500 Fortune companies that have outsourced part of its services to India5. According to the FDI Confidence Index 2005, India top as one of the best countries to invest in manufacturing, telecommunication, financial and non-financial services, and wholesale and retail (see Exhibit 2). However, even though there are positive outcome from the implemented reforms, there are still important activities to improve Foreign Direct Investment. The government has to emphasize more in infrastructure and simplify the procedures to make easier the establishment of a company in the country.

Free Essays on Cat On A Hot Tin Roof - Mendacity

Discuss the roles of â€Å"mendacity† or various characters’ crutches in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Lies and Mendacity run rampant in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. They help keep the play going and keep it interesting. The play shows us the lies that people tell themselves and other instead of the truth that is hard to accept but must be said. The entire family is involved with lies to Big Daddy and Big Momma, as are the doctors. They tell them that Big Daddy does not have cancer, but only a spastic colon. Brick lies to himself about his feelings for Skipper until Big Daddy forces him to face it. He then understands that he is upset about the way his clean friendship has been misinterpreted. Gooper and Mae pretend to be loving and doting children, when in fact all they want is money and land. Big Mama lies to herself, think all the cruel things Big Daddy says are just jokes. She also lies to herself by thinking that a child from Maggie and Brick would turn Brick into a non-drinking, family man qualified to take over the family place. Big Daddy is even wrapped up in the mendacity. He admits to Brick that he is tired of letting all the lies. He has lied for years about his feelings for his wife, his son Gooper and his daughter-in-law Mae, he says he loves them, when in fact he can’t stand any of them. Maggie, who seem s to tell close to the truth the entire play, breaks down and lies about her pregnancy. Sometimes the lies are not even lies; they are just seen to be that. Big Daddy thinks that Big Momma is scheming to take over the place, when in fact she really does love him. He only sees this as a lie because of his feelings toward her. Brick seems to feel them same way about Maggie, and is surprised in the end when Maggie declares her love for him. Big Daddy and Brick are perhaps the only two that do not lie to each other. During their heart-to-heart Big Daddy says, â€Å"then there is at least two people that never lied to each ot... Free Essays on Cat On A Hot Tin Roof - Mendacity Free Essays on Cat On A Hot Tin Roof - Mendacity Discuss the roles of â€Å"mendacity† or various characters’ crutches in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Lies and Mendacity run rampant in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. They help keep the play going and keep it interesting. The play shows us the lies that people tell themselves and other instead of the truth that is hard to accept but must be said. The entire family is involved with lies to Big Daddy and Big Momma, as are the doctors. They tell them that Big Daddy does not have cancer, but only a spastic colon. Brick lies to himself about his feelings for Skipper until Big Daddy forces him to face it. He then understands that he is upset about the way his clean friendship has been misinterpreted. Gooper and Mae pretend to be loving and doting children, when in fact all they want is money and land. Big Mama lies to herself, think all the cruel things Big Daddy says are just jokes. She also lies to herself by thinking that a child from Maggie and Brick would turn Brick into a non-drinking, family man qualified to take over the family place. Big Daddy is even wrapped up in the mendacity. He admits to Brick that he is tired of letting all the lies. He has lied for years about his feelings for his wife, his son Gooper and his daughter-in-law Mae, he says he loves them, when in fact he can’t stand any of them. Maggie, who seem s to tell close to the truth the entire play, breaks down and lies about her pregnancy. Sometimes the lies are not even lies; they are just seen to be that. Big Daddy thinks that Big Momma is scheming to take over the place, when in fact she really does love him. He only sees this as a lie because of his feelings toward her. Brick seems to feel them same way about Maggie, and is surprised in the end when Maggie declares her love for him. Big Daddy and Brick are perhaps the only two that do not lie to each other. During their heart-to-heart Big Daddy says, â€Å"then there is at least two people that never lied to each ot...

Michigan Liquor Control Commission Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michigan Liquor Control Commission - Case Study Example . They can even decrease the transportation cost by directly supplying the goods to the retail outlets thus decreasing the number of state based stores. But downsizing may experience confrontation from the end of the labor unions as several workers will end up losing their jobs. The commission can even look at privatization as an option thus resulting in the decrease of the involvement of the state in the liquor industry. There are fewer chances that the state would take this option due to the heavy revenue earned from this sector. The money earned in revenue from liquor distribution and from the taxes applied on them is used for other welfare programs operated by the state. The state can invest in instituting proper information systems in order to identify issues in logistics and in order to meet customer demand in a better way. This implementation can be supported with increased supply of information between the retailers and the suppliers and thus will lead to better management of inventory and will lead to heavy reduction in cost. The state can even conduct bargaining with the suppliers as well as the retailers and distillers. Distillers store the supplied liquor and transfer it at higher prices to the sate stores and then the stores sell it at a much higher price. Thus the state can invest in MIS system to reduce the quantity of inventory managed by the distillers and negotiate with the state stores to charge lower markup in order to increase sales and can decrease the number of licenses it is issuing to retailers. 2. The best option available to the state for distilled liquor distribution is investment in proper management information system. A proper MIS system will increase the efficiency of distribution. This system will even decrease the quantity of liquor that is stored by distillers. A proper supply chain backed by management information system will report to the state about the needs of the consumers. Thus the amount of liquor supplied will be in c ompliance with consumer needs and extra storage cost will decline. The distillers will not have to store unpurified liquor for a longer period of time, thus they will charge lower storage cost. Decrease in storage cost will result in decline in the amount at which state stores obtain distilled liquor and thus they will sell it at lower prices to the retailers and the end customers will be able to obtain it at a much lower price. The problem with this issue is the implementation of change which may not be preferred by those who are inexperienced and do not have the proper training to work with the new change. Another cost will be the high cost of implementing a MIS system. The state cannot privatize the distribution of liquor as it will result in loss of heavy revenue. During the period of 1992 and 1993, the state earned total revenue of over $515 million through distribution of liquor (Bowersox, 1996, p.458). Secondly, privatization will result in reduction in cost of operations as private ownership will aim at gaining higher profits and thus they may close several second tier stores which will result in loss of jobs and this will not be liked by the unions such as the UAW and they might take up strike as an option, thus resulting in complete stoppage of the operations. 3. Several considerations might be of great amount of importance and are needed to be taken into consideration while making any changes. Previously the state had adopted prohibition policy in order to restrict the activity of bootlegging but still bootlegging continued to operate in the region of Michigan. The state realized that prohibition was not a good idea and they took the industry under their own control and ended up earning heavy amount of revenue and the heavy revenue it earned due to its

Critically examine the similarities and differences between public and Essay

Critically examine the similarities and differences between public and private nuisance. Support answer with relevant statute and case law - Essay Example Although such obstruction may cause inconvenience to many persons but none can be allowed to bring a civil action for that, otherwise there may be hundreds of actions for a. single act of public nuisance. To avoid multiplicity of suits the law makes public nuisance only an offence punishable under criminal law. In certain cases, when any person suffers some special or particular damage, different from what is inflicted upon public as a whole, a civil right of action is available to the person injured. What is otherwise a public nuisance, also becomes a private nuisance so far as the person suffering special damage as concerned. The expression special damage in this context means damage caused to a party in contradistinction to the public at largest For example, digging trench on a public highway may cause inconvenience to public at large. No member of the public, who is thus obstructed or has to take a diversion along with others, can sue under civil law. But if any one of them suffers more damage than suffered by the public at large, e.g., is severely injured by falling into the trench, he can sue in tort. In order to sustain a civil action in respect of a public nuisance proof of special and particular damage is essential. The proof of special damage entitles the plaintiff to bring a civil action for what may be otherwise a public nuisance. Thus, if the standing of horses and wagons for an unreasonably long time outside : mans house Creates darkness and bad smell for the occupants of the house and also obstructs the access of customers into it, the damage is ‘particular, direct and substantial’ and entitles the occupier to maintain an action.(Benjamin v. Storr,(1874) L.R.9C.P.400) In ‘Rose v. Milles’(1815; 4M.&S.101): the defendant wrongfully moored his barge across a public navigable crack. This blocked the way for plaintiffs barges and the plaintiff had to incur considerable

Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing - Essay Example Humanism is a concept that goes beyond any person’s professional laws and requirements. Nurses may need to resort to their moral values and beliefs when coming up with a solution. (Benjamin, 2010). Some situations need to be weighed on closer look so that the best decision is made. During a moral dilemma there is not a right or wrong decision to make. (Hold, 2013). All in all, the dilemma must be solve particularly when the patient’s life is at risk.   Mr. Smith, 67 years of age and widowed, is fighting a UTI. This is a urinary tract infection which if not treated at the stage in which it is, it can cause further complications in his system. The only way to stop this complication is to offer him with Intravenous antibiotics which will ultimately kill the bacteria causing the UTI. However, Mr. Smith refuses the medication at all costs even after the doctors, nurses as well as his close family members have explained to him the importance. Informed consent is important i n medicine and the doctors have done a good job telling Mr. Smith and his family of his condition and what needs to be done. While it normal to see such a case where old people refuse treatment, Mr. Smith happens to not have a sober mind following the serious effects of the complications. The doctors and nurses have used this as basis that he is not legible to make any serious decisions by himself. Following this, the IV antibiotics are still being administered to Mr. Smith without his approval. Informed consent is not fully.

Advantages Of Geothermal Energy

Advantages Of Geothermal Energy Green organizations in Dhahran aim to save environmental energy as possible as they can. Green organization found in Dhahran 2007 , from that time , organization prepare to start this huge project in 2010 to conserve energy in Saudi Arabia . In our project team we separated our team with respect to our majors. So, we end up with five parts to work on energy conservation. The main problem in our environment that we concern on , is environment pollution and conventional energy wastes. In Saudi Arabia they uses only one source to produce electricity by using fossil fuels, and we all know that is harmful and produce a lot of waste. Moreover, conventional energy has a limit of source , so over the time we may not have these sources to produce electricity. However, in our organization we found some powerful solutions, and as a Mechanical Engineer in this organization I found that the suitable energy we can use is the renewable ones, So, I found geothermal energy is the most powerful type. Many of kinds of energy we use in our daily life , in home, cars, etc. are not renewable forms of energy. The major source of these types is fossil fuels, as we know that fossil fuels took millions of years to form, so its impossible to make it now. Unfortunately, these kinds of energy has limited amounts of sources. Moreover, these sources cannot be renewed , when they are gone they cannot be used again .So, we need as a green organization and as a part of people live in our environment to save these energy as much as we can . However , there are many other kinds of energy called renewable energy .These types of renewable energy always can be renewed or restored. Unlike fossil fuels , which harm the environment, renewable energy has much less effects to our environment. In this report I will introduce one of the most powerful type of energy , not harmful , renewable , and good efficiency . Heat is form of energy , and the heat that inside the earth is the major source of the renewable energy that I will talk about. The part of the heat inside the earth that people can use it and exploits it to form energy is called Geothermal Energy . I will give you a brief history ,then I will talk about current status of geothermal energy activity in the world, and I will give you some idea about the resources , then Ill explain how geothermal energy plants work , then I will talk about advantages disadvantages and make some comparison , after that Ill give you some numbers statistic , moreover , talking about future of this energy will be exciting. Finally I am going to list some of the milestones of geothermal energy power plant. . -Brief History: The thermal phenomena , volcanoes ,and hot springs must led our ancestors to believe that the interior part of the earth is hot . Moreover, when the first mines were excavated to about few hundred meters between the sixteenth and seventeenth century , the man who dig he recognized that as he go more deep as the temperature increase . By 1904, the first electricity generating attempt was being made from geothermal steam; again, it was to take place at Larderello, Italy (Figure 1). Figure 1 , Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, CNR , Pisa, Italy Prepared on February 2004, The engine used at Larderello in 1904 in the first experiment in generating electric energy from geothermal steam, along with its inventor, Prince Piero Ginori Conti. This experiment was successful and it was indication of the industrial value of geothermal energy. Moreover, Larderello in Italy succeed in commercial electricity generation. And by 1942 the installed electricity which generated by geothermal energy reached 127,650 kWe . However , other several countries start follow Italy , for example , in 1919 Japan drilled there first wells in Beppu, 1921 in USA , 1958 in New Zealand , and in 1959 in Mexico, and followed by many other countries. From that time the geothermal studies applied to earth . And the thermal energy now increase ,but mankind can only use fraction of this energy until now. -Current Status : The thermal energy increases with time, and so far the uses of this energy is limited to areas where water in the liquid phase or steam . If we take USA status now , we can see that geothermal energy is not powerful , because USA has a special case where there are some reasons for that. First, in competing generating technologies , prices of fuels used are decreased. Moreover , demand for electricity has a slow growth. Another reason that has been a surplus of electricity in USA . On the other hand , we can get benefits from that repudiation of geothermal energy in USA . KSA has different conditions about electricity generation , we have only one source of electricity and the demand on that increases relative to time. So as a green organization we can contract with these companies that worked in USA , so we can get the experience and they can reactivate there work here in KSA. Resources of Geothermal Energy : Complex processes lead to heat concentration at accessible depth under the earth , this is the main source of geothermal energy. However, there are many different forms of geothermal energy resources , such as hydrothermal, hot dry rock, geopressured, magma, and earth heat. As an example , temperature of highly viscous or partially molten rock is between 1,200 and 2,200Â °F , these can be exist everywhere under the earth surface at depth of 80 to 100 kilometers. There are different characteristic of geothermal resources . First, hydrothermal resources, these are steam or hot water where we can drill and reach these reservoirs and deliver the heat to earth surface to generate electricity. Second , hot dry rock (Figure2) , these rocks stores heat at very high temperature and the plant inject cold water to these areas and extract this water after being hot from other well. Third, geopressured resources consist of deeply buried brines at moderate temperature that contain dissolved methane, however , this resource are not economically competitive currently, so no funds are directed toward accessing these resources. Fourth, magma , this resorce give extremely high temperature but there is no technology to get that heat energy until now. Finally, we can use earth heat as a resource and it is proven technology. Types of Geothermal Power Plants: There are three types of geothermal power plant, depend on the way that electricity generated. Here are the three types: 1- Dry Steam Power Plant: These plants uses the hot steam which extracted from the earth by wells to rotate the turbine that generate electricity. 2- Flash Steam Power Plant: This is the most common type of geothermal power plant. These plants extract hot water from the earth at 360 Â °F, pressure decrease as water flows up through wells , as a result of pressure decreases, water converted to steam . So, steam is used to rotate the turbine. 3- Binary Cycle Power Plant: These plants uses the heat from lower-temperature reservoirs to boil the working fluid which vaporized by heat exchanger and used to power a generator. The remaining water which never comes into direct contract with working fluid is injected back to the ground by injection wells. Procedure of Geothermal Energy in Details: Water in underground reservoirs is heated to high temperature by magma , production wells drilled up to 3 kilometers below the earth surface tapping to this hot fluid. Under its own pressure ,fluid flows up through these wells towards the surface , as it travels , the pressure decrease causing small amount to become steam. Then, hot fluid and steam move through a surface pipeline to a well head separator where the pressure in reduced, here, most of the fluid vaporizes and flashes into high pressure steam. After that, any fluid not flashed into steam moves to a standard pressure crystallizer to produce standard pressure steam . Then, remaining fluids is flashed at a lower pressure to create low-pressure steam. Finally, all steam created in the plant is sent to a turbine onside. The force of the steams spins the turbine plates which turns a shaft connected to an electronic generator. As a result, an electric charge is created and directed to a transformer , where the voltage is increas ed. However, any fluid not flashed into steam return to the underground reservoir where in time they will be reheated and reused. Advantages of Geothermal Energy: There is no consumption of any type of fossil fuels. Moreover, geothermal energy doesnt product any type of greenhouse effect. Also, if we talk about energy consumption, geothermal energy does not consume any energy since its renewable energy, so there is no limit of using geothermal energy. Furthermore, it is great for protecting the natural environment since the power plant shouldnt be huge. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy: There are several disadvantages to geothermal energy. First, you cannot build the power plant in any vacant land, there must be studies on the area , and the area chosen should consist of hot rocks to get the geothermal energy as we want. Also, not any type of rocks we can drill into, there are some kinds which is possible to drill into. Advantages of Geothermal Energy Compared With Other Conventional Energy: * Fewer more easy to control emissions of atmospheric pollutions. * Fewer amount of wastes. * Demands of areas for a power plant is much less than other conventional plants. * Continues circle , renewable. Cost of Geothermal Power Plant: In general, economically competitive geothermal power plant cost $3400 per kilowatt. However , the cost of construct new geothermal power plant is higher than natural gas facilities, but over a long term they are similar in cost. This is because natural gas construction costs one third of the total price and remaining two third of the cost represented by fuel. While, construction of new geothermal power plant cost two third of the total price. So, initial investment for geothermal power plant is high, but with time it is economically comparable with natural gas plant. If you wondering that is the cost of geothermal power plan fluctuating like other fossil fuels, I can say no, because whenever you build a geothermal plant you should know most of power production and few market parameter can modify them. There many factors effect the cost of a geothermal power plant cost. First in construction period, steel and metals effect the price of the plant. Also, drilling price varies. Moreover, place of the plant effect the price because of connection of electric grid. Buy or rent land will raise the cost, because to fully study and explore a geothermal resource you need at least 8 km2. Energy and investment costs for electric energy production from renewables (from Fridleifsson, 2001) Current energy cost USÂ ¢/kWh Potential future energy cost USÂ ¢/kWh Turnkey investment cost US$/kW Biomass 5 15 4 10 900 3000 Geothermal 2 10 1 8 800 3000 Wind 5 13 3 10 1100 1700 Solar (photovoltaic) 25 125 5 25 5000 10 000 Solar (thermal electricity) 12 18 4 10 3000 4000 Tidal 8 15 8 15 1700 2500 Future of Geothermal Energy in KSA: Green organization always try to save our environment as possible as they can. After talking about the geothermal energy in detailed I think this is the time to conserve energy for our environment. So, KSA companies and government always accept new idea which conserve our environment. I think Saudi Arabia will have huge improvement in geothermal energy ,since the land behavior and hot climate and the increment of electricity demand as we see in figure below. Some Famous Milestones of Geothermal Power Plant: Here are some famous geothermal power plant milestones where Saudi Arabia can get benefit from there experience . Early 1900s First geothermal electricity commercialization Conversion of high-grade hydrothermal resources to electricity began in Italy in the early 1900s. 1960 U.S. commercialization The first commercial-scale development tools were placed at The Geysers in California, a 10-megawatt unit owned by Pacific Gas Electric. 1970 Reinjection of geothermal fluids Injection of spent geothermal fluids back into the production zone began as a means to dispose of waste water and maintain reservoir life. 1972 Deep well drilling Technology improvements led to deeper reservoir drilling and access to more resources. 1977 Hot dry rock demonstrated In 1977, scientists developed the first hot dry rock reservoir at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. 1978 Federal research and development (RD) funding exceeds $100 million U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funding for geothermal research and development was $106.2 million (1995 dollars) in fiscal year 1978, marking the first time the funding level surpassed $100 million. It remained above $100 million until fiscal year 1982, when it was reduced to $56.4 million (1995 dollars). Currently, the budget is in the $30 million to $40 million range. 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) enacted PURPA mandated the purchase of electricity from qualifying facilities (QFs) meeting certain technical standards regarding energy source and efficiency. PURPA also exempted QFs from both State and Federal regulation under the Federal Power Act and the Public Utility Holding Company Act. 1980 First commercial binary system The first commercial-scale binary plant in the United States, installed in Southern Californias Imperial Valley, began operation in 1980. 1980s California Standard Offer Contracts Californias Standard Offer Contract system for PURPA QFs provided renewable electric energy systems a relatively firm and stable market for output, allowing the financing of such capital-intensive technologies as geothermal energy facilities. 1982 Hydrothermal generating capacity of 1,000 megawatts Geothermal (hydrothermal) electric generating capacity, primarily utility-owned, reached a new high level of 1,000 megawatts. 1989 Geopressured power plant demonstrated In 1989, DOE and the Electric Power Research Institute operated a 1-megawatt demonstration plant in Texas, extracting methane and heat from brine liquids. 1990 Drop in Federal funding for geothermal RD to $15 million DOE funding for geothermal energy research and development declined throughout the 1980s, reaching its low point in fiscal year 1990. 1991 Magma drilling project reaches a depth of 7,588 feet The worlds first magma exploratory well was drilled in the Sierra Nevada Mountains to a depth of 7,588 feet. It did not encounter magma at that depth inside the caldera. 1994 Industry consolidates and looks at new markets California Energy became the worlds largest geothermal company through its acquisition of Magma Power. Near-term international markets gained the interest of U.S. geothermal developers. 1985-95 Capacity outside The Geysers exceeds 1,000 megawatts Since 1985, U.S. geothermal developers have added nearly 1,000 megawatts of geothermal electric generating capacity outside The Geysers. 1995 Worldwide geothermal capacity of 6,000 megawatts Worldwide geothermal capacity currently totals 6,000 megawAtts in 20 countries. Conclusion: After we see the advantages of geothermal energy, and after we know that geothermal energy have nothing to emission to the environment. Moreover, geothermal energy is the best type of renewable energy in terms of cost , efficiency ,and safety. Consequently, I think the most powerful alternative type of energy in KSA is geothermal energy. As I said, its renewable, so we will not lose any energy and this is enough to start geothermal energy production in KSA.

The Effects of Divorce on Children and Families Essay -- Cause Effect

The Effects of Divorce on Children and Families Society is always rushing, hurrying, and trying to beat the clock. Deadlines and overtime seem to be a topic in everyday conversation. How is it possible that so much can be accomplished in just a short amount of time? What seems to be lacking? What is cut out of people’s everyday life? Frank Furedi in his book â€Å"Culture of Fear,† discusses many issues that are facing our society today. One of the issues he has written about is interpersonal relationships, at one point in the book Furedi writes â€Å"...people pollute-not just the environment but each other†(38). When one takes a more thoughtful approach to life, one may find there are many examples to the idea of strained relationships between people in our society, for instance divorce. It has become part of everyday life, that divorce is very real. Much research has proven over the past several decades that more and more people get divorced. For example, almost without notice the divorce rate in the United States went from 26% in the 1960's to 50% in 1980 (Masci 9). That number has consistently increased into 1990's through this century. What was once a secret and even considered a scandal, has now become an every day common occurrence. Usually what is left to lie in the balance are material items such as cars, clothing, and homes, but it is not the everyday items left from divorce that affects society, it is the child. What is to happen to these children whoseem to be caught in the middle of their parents divorce? Children of divorce sometimes are forced to be in the middle of a nasty battle between their parents. Most of the children are scared to say their true feelings and what they want in life. In an article found on ... ...of the world strongly influences behavior between people. Such sentiments are inspired by a lack of clarity about the terms on which relationships are built.†(107). Works Cited Campbell, Susan. Moving On. Psychology Today online. 34,4; Jul/Aug 2001. 16,1. 15 Mar 2005 Furedi, Frank. Culture of Fear: Risk-Taking and the Morality of Low Expectation. New York : Continuum, 2003. Jurkovic, Gregory J. et al. Parentification of Adult Children of Divorce: A Multidimensional Analysis. Journal of Youth Adolescence Online. 30,2; Apr. 2001. 245,13. 22 Mar 2005 . Masci, David. Children and Divorce. The CQ Researcher Online. 11, 2; 19 Jan. 2001. 20 Mar. 2005

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

As the criminologist advisor to a member of the Pennsylvania state legislature, I have been selected to conduct research for a bill that would double the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery. The bill is popular however it is unknown if it will do much good. It is my job to make recommendations in regards to whether the bill being voted on will be beneficial to everyone in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The prison term policies are sentencing guidelines that are created by Congress and the State Legislature to provide judges with bases for sentencing those individuals found guilty of committing a crime to ensure that each person is treated equal without discrimination (sentencing guidelines, 2010). There are four offenses that make up what is known as violent crime which are murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. According to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program a violent crime is any crime that involves force or threat of force to others (Department of Justice, 2006). Currently the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s prison terms for armed robbery are as follows: for the first offense of a violent crime a minimum of five years, for a second offense of a violent crime a minimum of 10 years, and for the third offense of a violent crime a minimum of 25 years total confinement or life imprisonment which is accordance with 42 Pa. C.S.  §9714 (Pennsylvania Commi ssion on Sentencing, 2008). Pennsylvania’s Uniform Crime Reporting tracks all forms of Robbery together. According to the Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System, in 2008 there were 18,751 reported robbery offenses which is equivalent to 51 per day or one every 28 minutes and 2 seconds (PA UCRS, 2008). These figures showed a decrease of 2.5% from 2007 which had 19,239 reported robberies (PA UCRS, 2008). Robbery made up 5.4% of the crime index and 37.2%  of the violent crime index in Pennsylvania in the year 2008 (PA UCRS, 2008). The reported robbery rates in Pennsylvania in 2008 were 150.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (PA UCRS, 2008). Recidivism is defined as a habitual relapse into crime, which is a problem that is faced within the criminal justice system. Pennsylvania tracks information on inmates released in order to find the recidivism rates. In 2002 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections released 1,711 inmates charged with robbery and within three years 46.6% returned to prison, which was a decline from 2000 when 1,776 inmates charged for robbery were released and 52.8% of the inmates returned within three years (PADOC, 2006). A study was conducted in Italy in 2006 when the Collective Clemency Bill set all inmates with less than three years remaining on their sentence free however if the inmates were convicted of another crime within the next five years, the remainder of their sentence would be added onto the new sentence. This allowed studies to be conducted to see if longer prison terms would deter criminals. Studies showed that increasing the sentence by 50% should reduce recidivism rates by about 35% in seven months (Crime/Punishment, 2010). With inmates comes a bill to cover the housing, feeding, and medical costs of each inmate. The cost to house a prisoner in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC) is $ 69 per day (Barnes, 2010). In July 2010 the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections housed 51,281 inmates, at $69 per day that amounts to $3,538,389 per day or $1,291,151,985 per year (PADOC, 2010). There are multiple benefits of the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. The study that was conducted in Italy shows that longer prison sentences lowers the recidivism rates among offenders, which over time would reduce the population of the already over populated prisons. The criminals would be off the streets for a longer period of time preventing them from committing future crimes. Longer prison sentences could be a deterrent for some criminals. Robbery is one of the top two violent crimes committed in Pennsylvania and the longer sentence imposed on those criminals may lower the rate of armed robbery however it could cause an increase in other crimes. If the bill were passed and new prisons built to accommodate all inmates there would be more jobs available such as corrections officers, nurses, doctors, dentists, psychologists, and office personnel. These job openings would not only assist with job market, but also with having mo re  tax payers to assist with the money needed for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania budget. There are also multiple disadvantages to the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. Pennsylvania prisons are overpopulated as it is and by imposing longer sentences the problem is going to continue to get worse. As discussed earlier the prison population in June 2010 was 51,281 however the occupational bed capacity of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is only 43,872 (PADOC, 2010). The prisons are already operating at 116.9% of capacity and by passing this bill those rates are going to increase at a more rapid pace than they already are (PADOC, 2010). As discussed earlier the cost to house an inmate in Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is $69 per day which if this bill is passed a much larger budget is going to be required because inmates are going to be housed for a longer period of time. The need may arise for more prisons due to the longer prison terms which would require a much larger budget. With more prisons comes the need for more employees to operate those prisons which also is going to have an effect on the prison budget. Where is the money going to come from to meet the increase in the budget? The tax payers are the ones that are going to have to suffer to make the funding available for the prison system budget. Other crime rates may rise as a domino effect because criminals may turn to other crimes that are known to carry a lighter sentence if they are caught. If the bill is passed it is not required that judges sentence those convicted of the crime to the maximum sentence. Judges are required to look at mitigating and aggravating circumstances when sentencing individuals found guilty of committing crimes. Judges look at prior criminal history, personal life situation, was anyone hurt during the crime, or sometimes the remorse the person shows toward the crime they committed. This bill could be beneficial in the cases of habitual offenders because there would be stricter sentencing for the first offense rather than having to wait until the second or even third offense. As we all know with anything there is pros and cons. There appears to be more cons in this situation than there are pros which should make the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania legislature take a second look into whether or not passing this bill is going to be the most beneficial thing for the Commonwealth as a whole. I would find that it would not be beneficial to double the maximum sentence for those individuals  charged with committing armed robbery. The evidence shows that it would cost the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania more money to double the sentence for armed robbery. The evidence also proves that close to 50% of people convicted of armed robbery are going to reoffend which is going to bring them back to the criminal justice system and with one offense already committed they will receive a longer sentence the second time around. This also allows for those who are actually capable of being rehabilitated to have the chance to prove themselves without having to spend 10 years in pri son. References Barnes, T. (2010). Post-Gazette. Pa. sentencing guidelines eyed. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10002/1025303-454.stm Crime/Punishment (2010). Do stiffer sentences act as a crime deterrent? Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://crime.about.com/od/prevent/a/deterrence.htm Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006). Crime in the United States 2004. Violent Crime. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/index.html Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (2008). Retrieved August 31, 2010 from http://pcs.la.psu.edu/guidelines/sentencing/sentencing-statutes-and-programs/related-statutes/mandatory-minimum-sentences/SentMandMin122008.pdf Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2010). Monthly population report June 2010. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/monthly_population_reports/568195 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2006). Recidivism in Pennsylvania State Correctional Institutions 1999-2004. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.cor.st ate.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/annual_reports/567085 Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System (2008). Annual Report Robbery. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://ucr.psp.state.pa.us/UCR/Reporting/Annual/AnnualFrames.asp?year=2008 Sentencing guidelines (2010). Retrieved August 30, 2010 from http://www.willdefend.com/CM/Custom/TOCSentencingGuidelines.asp

Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay Essay Example

Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay Essay Example Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay Essay Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay Essay Paul the Apostle is one of the most of import people in the New Testament. He wrote more books in the New Testament than any other writer. This adult male did non get down out as the individual he was in the terminal nevertheless, for he was non ever a Christian or lover of them. For a individual to cognize who they are and where they come from is one thing, but to merchandise all one knows in for a different individuality, life, and faith is something else wholly. Paul lived a life that was life changing, every bit good as universe changing, to those he came into contact with. Paul was a really difficult and rugged adult male and would non hold made it through everything he encountered if it had non been for ; the manner he was raised as Saul, his transition to Christianity, and his ability to put the mission of God before his ain. Paul was born as Saul in the metropolis of Tarsus, a commercial metropolis in Asia Minor, located non excessively far from the Mediterranean seashore. He more than probably was named after the first male monarch of Israel, King Saul. His female parent and male parent were Judaic, his male parent being a Pharisee from the household line of Benjamin, the boy of Jacob. Being born and raised in a topographic point like Tarsus made him cognizant of many other types of people from all walks of life. He encountered crewmans, soldiers, merchandisers, affluent and poverty afflicted people. He besides learned the trade of collapsible shelter doing while turning up in order to gain a nice life. In the tradition of the household during that clip, whatever the male parent did as a trade the boies did besides. The fabric industry of that twenty-four hours, which included collapsible shelter devising and outer garments, did a reasonably moneymaking profession back so due to the presence of the crew mans and soldiers normally necessitating shelter from the elements. Not merely was Saul born a Jew but he was besides a Roman citizen. No 1 knows for certain ; nevertheless it was Roman jurisprudence that if a individual was born free anyplace in the Roman Empire so they were Roman citizens. When males were born to Jewish parents they were dedicated to the service of God and brought up in really rigorous Jewish spiritual usage. Saul s female parent read the Torah to him until around age four or five and so his male parent became his instructor for a twelvemonth. By the clip he was about six old ages old he was taken to school to larn the instructions of Moses in Hebrew and Greek, memorising them as the instructor recited them. This took a batch of difficult work and concentration on a immature kid s portion but this is how serious his parents were about their tradition and spiritual belief. At 14 or 15 old ages old it was away to rabbinical school to analyze under Gamaliel, who was considered the maestro Rabbi. After analyzing under Gamaliel he became a Pharisee, for he said of himself in the bible ; Work force and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the boy of a Pharisee ( Acts 23:6 ) . ( Nelson ) In the passage of analyzing in Tarsus and so analyzing in Jerusalem, Saul discovered that to be a Pharisee meant something wholly different. He had learned that in Tarsus, it meant to detect the instructions of Moses and its readings by the Rabbi. In Jerusalem it meant to be a separationist and legalistic in your positions refering the Law. This is a major turning point in the life Saul. These work forces sought to ache or even kill anyone who opposed them or name them out on their incorrect making. This is the advanced instruction Saul now received and had a fire in his bosom to transport out this new criterion of belief and instruction, this belief system that exchanged the spirit of the jurisprudence for the missive of the jurisprudence. Unlike the individual he was a f ew old ages before he now becomes a deranged, heartless, spiritual overzealous that desires to destruct anyone that believes openly what is contrary to what he believes. He gets to the point where he non merely kills Christians but because of his deep hate for them, he besides rounds them up to convey them into the metropolis for anguish, amusement and athletics. He goes all out oppressing Christians for what he believes is right ; things like acquiring written permission to drag people from their places to convey them to Jerusalem ; until one twenty-four hours he has an experience on the Damascus route. ( Boyd ) While going from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to round up Christians, Saul had an experience he would neer bury. As he rode down the Damascus route, all of a sudden he fell off the Equus caballus he was siting and a bright visible radiation shined all around him. ( Acts 9:3-4 ) ( Nelson ) So bright in fact, that he was blinded by it. He heard a voice he thought to be a adult male but subsequently recognized that it was non a adult male but the really Christ he persecuted by oppressing the Christians. This was another major turning point in the life of Saul. He now goes from oppressing, killing, whipping, and tormenting Christians to going one. His sightlessness lasted for three yearss and so he was healed of his sightlessness by the puting on of custodies as it had been antecedently told to him. His name now is changed from Saul to Paul and he leaves Damascus and goes to Arabia in order to acquire to cognize the God of his redemption personally. He knows who God is by the missi ve of the written jurisprudence but now needs to cognize Him by the spirit, so he gets off for about three old ages to pass clip with God. After Paul returns to Damascus he proves custodies down that Jesus is the Messiah, merely like Jesus said He was, and the Jews at that place tried to kill him because he now preached the truth of the jurisprudence they knew and recited. Paul s get awaying with his life from this decease effort became the accelerator to him traveling from topographic point to topographic point and metropolis to metropolis distributing the Gospel. He was nevertheless, made an Apostle, and commissioned to prophesy the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, the Grecians and all the non Judaic people, and change over them to Christianity and non the Jews. ( Boyd ) Paul began to go on what is known as his missional journeys throughout Asia Minor meeting multiplex crises and near decease experiences. He forged really strong relationships with work forces and adult females of similar passion for God and His work every bit good as set uping many churches and put ining curates to supervise them as he traveled. He visited the churches he established and wrote letters to them when he could non physically be at that place. These letters came to be known as the Pauline epistles in the New Testament. These same letters serve today as way and counsel for holy life. Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked several times, attacked, arrested, beaten with rods, and left for dead ; yet persevered until he had accomplished his mission. Absolutely nil but decease would maintain Paul from carry throughing the fate that was his to finish and he did non gustatory sensation of decease until he knew he was ready. However, when the clip had come for him to decease they execu ted him. Normally, they would hold crucified him but it was improper to crucify a Roman citizen, so he was beheaded. Paul the Apostle was a great adult male in history and his life lives on through the pages of Holy Scripture. ( Boyd ) Citations Boyd, Robert T. Paul the Apostle. Iowa Falls: World Bible Publishers, 1995 Holy Bible: King James Version. Nashville: Nelson, 1999

Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda

Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda By Maeve Maddox The first time I heard the expression al-Qaeda franchise, I ran to the dictionary. Surely, I thought, that cant be a correct use of the word franchise. The word franchise can be used with more than one meaning, of course. When we say that American women obtained the franchise in 1920, we mean that they obtained the right to vote. To enfranchise a person can mean either to confer the right to vote on a person or, in the context of servitude, to give a person his freedom. Since 1959, the noun franchise has been used with the meaning authorization by a company to sell its products or services. In 1966 it acquired the sense of commercial licensing. We speak of sports franchises, hotel franchises, and restaurant franchises. In every type of franchise, a business relationship exists in which an authorizing entity confers rights to operate some kind of business according to specified rules in exchange for a licensing fee. The noun affiliate is used in a similar way. An affiliate company is one that is related to another in a subordinate way. Koch Nitrogen Company and its affiliates are collectively one of the worlds largest producers and marketers of nitrogen fertilizers. Online marketing makes use of affiliate sellers who may promote a companys product on their websites for a percentage of its selling price, or who may sell their own products on a site owned by a large company to which they pay a percentage of their earnings. With both franchises and affiliates theres a mutually recognized and acknowledged business relationship, and money changes hands. It seems to me that the journalistic trend of referring to just any nest of terrorists as al-Qaeda affiliates or franchises is counterproductive. I understand the rationale for wanting a term that enables one to talk about copycat bombers without conveying the idea that al-Qaeda is more widespread and powerful than in fact it is. According to BBC writer John Simpson, BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner popularised the notion that, far from being a clear-cut organisation with executives and an international membership, al-Qaeda was like a franchise. Any effort to strip al-Qaeda of its bogeyman mystique is a step in the right direction, but using words that make us think of MacDonalds or Amazon.com may not be the best way to go about it. Unless a group like the one in Yemen that tried to send bombs to Chicago really is organized, funded, or sponsored by al-Qaeda, why not just call it an extremist group? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Acronym vs. Initialism5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Singapore's Unique Tripartite Model for Balancing Employers' Corporate Essay

Singapore's Unique Tripartite Model for Balancing Employers' Corporate Goals - Essay Example They are further capable of meeting the needs of the government to bring stability in the economy as well as prosperity. This is possible because of the five pillar approach followed by the firms in Singapore. The study tries to discuss the ways through which the National Trade Union Congress’ 5 Pillars is capable of addressing the issues faced by the firms. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction to Industrial Relation 4 Objective of the Paper 4 Industrial Relations in Singapore 4 Issues in Employee Relation in Singapore 6 The Tripartite Approach 7 Unique Tripartite Features of Singapore 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Bibliography 14 Introduction to Industrial Relation Industrial relation has been categorized as one of the fragile as well as complex issues of contemporary industrial society. It is to be remembered that a business is considered to be successful if there is purposeful cooperation between the labor and the management. The main objective of the sound i ndustrial relations is not only finding the ways for resolving the conflicts but also to maintain cooperation among the employees within the industry. It is to be remembered that it is not at all an easy task to maintain good industrial relations. ... f the study is to identify the industrial relations of Singapore and to identify the ways through which the country has been capable of maintaining efficient industrial relations in the firms. Five Pillars approach will be studied in depth and the study will try to examine the issues that can be effectively solved by five pillar approach. Industrial Relations in Singapore ‘Industrial relations’ in Singapore has been modeled after the West Australian model, offering a system of collective bargaining along with conciliation and arbitration. The two significant pieces of legislation administered the industrial relations of Singapore. They are Trade Union Act, the key role of which has been to grant acknowledgement to the trade unions as well as employers who are registered. The other piece of legislation has been Industrial Relation Act whose principle activities have been the identification of the rules in order to carry out the negotiation and development of the Industria l Arbitration Court (IAC) for the purpose of investigating the disputes and certifying agreements. The system was being operated in a fair way. The bargaining demands made were fulfilled by the unions upon the employer in case the negotiation started. After the completion of the agreement successfully, the agreements were passed on the IAC for the purpose of selection and certification. In case the agreement was not realized, the matter was forwarded for the purpose of conciliation. If the conciliation was not effective enough, matter was referred to the IAC for the purpose of arbitration. Whatever decision the IAC would have arrived at, would be considered as final. The workers were paid with ex gratia bonuses by the employers. The bonus payments were quite unconditional and were rarely attached

Organizational Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture - Assignment Example To treat its workforce appropriately, the company offers part time and full-time employees to access full benefits in health care, discounted stock purchase strategies/stock option, and other personal benefits. Starbucks offer friendly services, flexibility in working hours by the employees, and a welcoming atmosphere. The organization works with farmers who grow coffee beans to affect their lives positively, since coffee growing regions seem to be extremely poor yet the cost of coffee has slowed down due to oversupply. Baristas at Starbucks are proud of both the training they access and the company they work for. Upper management is evidently diverse as compared to most big companies in the United States. The company’s reputation has been built by all this principles for a more liberal and progressive large corporation. The company believes in employing exceptional people who are enthusiastic to work and produce excellent outcomes. In exchange, they are committed to the development of their good people through identifying, developing, training, promoting, and rewarding those employees who are committed to moving the company forward. Its employees are also included in the decision making process of the company to allow honesty and transparency (Randle and Flamholtz, 2001). As a result, Starbuck’s reputation and organizational culture, its performance has greatly improved. It is an extensively profitable organization, its earnings in 2004 was an excess of $600 million and generated revenue above $5000 million in the respective year. It has been ranked as a global coffee brand based on a reputation for fine services and products with almost 9000 cafes within forty nations. Starbucks was among the fortune top 100 organizations to be employed by in 2005 since it is a respected employer that highly values its workforce. This satisfies it to be a